INNOVATIVE SYMBIOTIC RICE–FISH COLLABORATION MODEL AS A CONFLICT RESOLUTION STRATEGY FOR WATER USERS IN THE KELINGI IRRIGATION AREA, INDONESIA

Abstract

Limited water availability and competition in the Kelingi Irrigation Area (DI Kelingi), South Sumatra, Indonesia, have triggered prolonged conflicts for more than two decades between rice farmers and fish farmers. These conflicts reflect weak water governance, limited stakeholder participation, and inadequate water allocation mechanisms. The objective of this study is to develop an integrated water resource governance model for Kelingi. This research employs a mixed-method (qualitative and quantitative) case study approach, with data collected through field observations, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions (FGDs) at locations actively experiencing water-use conflicts. Findings reveal that the roots of the conflict lie in water scarcity (water deficits during droughts), weak governance (non-adaptive regulations and poor enforcement), and user ethics issues (destructive behaviors and self-interest). Sectoral interventions have been ineffective because they are partial and unable to transform the “win–lose” (zero-sum game) relationship between the two water user groups. The study recommends a “rice–fish symbiotic collaboration model” based on integrated water governance, offering a comprehensive solution by shifting the paradigm from competition to collaboration, integrating the economic interests of both parties, and strengthening informal governance mechanisms.